Bitwise Operators in C Programming

Bitwise Operators 

Operators	Meaning of operators
&	Bitwise AND
|	Bitwise OR
^	Bitwise XOR
~	Bitwise complement
<<	Shift left
>>	Shift right

Bitwise AND operator (&)

The output of bitwise AND is 1 if the corresponding bits of two operands is 1. If either bit of an operand is 0, the result of the corresponding bit is evaluated to 0.

Let us suppose the bitwise AND operation of two integers 12 and 25.

12 = 00001100 (In Binary)

25 = 00011001 (In Binary)

 Bit Operation of 12 and 25

00001100  & 00011001 =  00001000  = 8 (In decimal)

Example #1: Bitwise AND

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

    int a = 12, b = 25;

    printf("Output = %d", a&b);

    return 0;

}

Output

Output = 8

Bitwise OR operator (|)

The output of bitwise OR is 1 if at least one corresponding bit of two operands is 1. In C Programming, bitwise OR operator is denoted by |.

12 = 00001100 (In Binary)

25 = 00011001 (In Binary)

 Bitwise OR Operation of 12 and 25

 00001100 | 00011001 = 00011101

                     = 29 (In decimal)

Example #2: Bitwise OR

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

    int a = 12, b = 25;

    printf("Output = %d", a|b);

    return 0;

}

Output

Output = 29

Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^)

The result of bitwise XOR operator is 1 if the corresponding bits of two operands are opposite. It is denoted by ^.

12 = 00001100 (In Binary)

25 = 00011001 (In Binary)

Bitwise XOR Operation of 12 and 25

  00001100 ^ 00011001

=> 00010101  = 21 (In decimal)

Example #3: Bitwise XOR

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

    int a = 12, b = 25;

    printf("Output = %d", a^b);

    return 0;

}

Output

Output = 21

Bitwise complement operator (~)

Bitwise compliment operator is an unary operator (works on only one operand). It changes 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. It is denoted by ~.

35 = 00100011 (In Binary)

Bitwise complement Operation of 35

~ 00100011

  ________

  11011100  = 220 (In decimal)

Twist in bitwise complement operator in C Programming

The bitwise complement of 35 (~35) is -36 instead of 220, but why?

For any integer n, bitwise complement of n will be -(n+1). To understand this, you should have the knowledge of 2's complement.

2's Complement

Two's complement is an operation on binary numbers. The 2's complement of a number is equal to the complement of that number plus 1. For example:

 Decimal       Binary               2's complement

  0           00000000           -(11111111+1) = -00000000 = -0(decimal)

  1          00000001           -(11111110+1) = -11111111=-256(decimal)

 12          00001100           -(11110011+1) = -11110100=-244(decimal)

 220         11011100           -(00100011+1) = -00100100 = -36(decimal)

Note: Overflow is ignored while computing 2's complement.

The bitwise complement of 35 is 220 (in decimal). The 2's complement of 220 is -36. Hence, the output is -36 instead of 220.

Example #4: Bitwise complement

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

    printf("Output = %d\n",~35);

    printf("Output = %d\n",~-12);

    return 0;

}

Output

Output = -36

Output = 11

Shift Operators in C programming

There are two shift operators in C programming:

• Right shift operator
• Left shift operator.

Right Shift Operator

Right shift operator shifts all bits towards right by certain number of specified bits. It is denoted by >>.

212 = 11010100 (In binary)

212>>2 = 00110101 (In binary) [Right shift by two bits]

212>>7 = 00000001 (In binary)

212>>8 = 00000000

212>>0 = 11010100 (No Shift)

Left Shift Operator

Left shift operator shifts all bits towards left by certain number of specified bits. It is denoted by <<.

212 = 11010100 (In binary)

212<<1 = 110101000 (In binary) [Left shift by one bit]

212<<0 =11010100 (Shift by 0)

212<<4 = 110101000000 (In binary) =3392(In decimal)

Example #5: Shift Operators

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

    int num=212, i;

    for (i=0; i<=2; ++i)

        printf("Right shift by %d: %d\n", i, num>>i);

     printf("\n");

     for (i=0; i<=2; ++i)

        printf("Left shift by %d: %d\n", i, num<<i);   

   

     return 0;

}

Output: 

Right Shift by 0: 212

Right Shift by 1: 106

Right Shift by 2: 53

Left Shift by 0: 212

Left Shift by 1: 424

Left Shift by 2: 848